use alloc::vec::Vec;
use std::fmt;
use std::iter::once;
use std::iter::FusedIterator;

use super::lazy_buffer::LazyBuffer;
use crate::size_hint::{self, SizeHint};

/// An iterator adaptor that iterates through all the `k`-permutations of the
/// elements from an iterator.
///
/// See [`.permutations()`](crate::Itertools::permutations) for
/// more information.
#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
pub struct Permutations<I: Iterator> {
    vals: LazyBuffer<I>,
    state: PermutationState,
}

impl<I> Clone for Permutations<I>
where
    I: Clone + Iterator,
    I::Item: Clone,
{
    clone_fields!(vals, state);
}

#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
enum PermutationState {
    /// No permutation generated yet.
    Start { k: usize },
    /// Values from the iterator are not fully loaded yet so `n` is still unknown.
    Buffered { k: usize, min_n: usize },
    /// All values from the iterator are known so `n` is known.
    Loaded {
        indices: Vec<usize>,
        cycles: Vec<usize>,
    },
    /// No permutation left to generate.
    End,
}

impl<I> fmt::Debug for Permutations<I>
where
    I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
    I::Item: fmt::Debug,
{
    debug_fmt_fields!(Permutations, vals, state);
}

pub fn permutations<I: Iterator>(iter: I, k: usize) -> Permutations<I> {
    Permutations {
        vals: LazyBuffer::new(iter),
        state: PermutationState::Start { k },
    }
}

impl<I> Iterator for Permutations<I>
where
    I: Iterator,
    I::Item: Clone,
{
    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        let Self { vals, state } = self;
        match state {
            PermutationState::Start { k: 0 } => {
                *state = PermutationState::End;
                Some(Vec::new())
            }
            &mut PermutationState::Start { k } => {
                vals.prefill(k);
                if vals.len() != k {
                    *state = PermutationState::End;
                    return None;
                }
                *state = PermutationState::Buffered { k, min_n: k };
                Some(vals[0..k].to_vec())
            }
            PermutationState::Buffered { ref k, min_n } => {
                if vals.get_next() {
                    let item = (0..*k - 1)
                        .chain(once(*min_n))
                        .map(|i| vals[i].clone())
                        .collect();
                    *min_n += 1;
                    Some(item)
                } else {
                    let n = *min_n;
                    let prev_iteration_count = n - *k + 1;
                    let mut indices: Vec<_> = (0..n).collect();
                    let mut cycles: Vec<_> = (n - k..n).rev().collect();
                    // Advance the state to the correct point.
                    for _ in 0..prev_iteration_count {
                        if advance(&mut indices, &mut cycles) {
                            *state = PermutationState::End;
                            return None;
                        }
                    }
                    let item = indices[0..*k].iter().map(|&i| vals[i].clone()).collect();
                    *state = PermutationState::Loaded { indices, cycles };
                    Some(item)
                }
            }
            PermutationState::Loaded { indices, cycles } => {
                if advance(indices, cycles) {
                    *state = PermutationState::End;
                    return None;
                }
                let k = cycles.len();
                Some(indices[0..k].iter().map(|&i| vals[i].clone()).collect())
            }
            PermutationState::End => None,
        }
    }

    fn count(self) -> usize {
        let Self { vals, state } = self;
        let n = vals.count();
        state.size_hint_for(n).1.unwrap()
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> SizeHint {
        let (mut low, mut upp) = self.vals.size_hint();
        low = self.state.size_hint_for(low).0;
        upp = upp.and_then(|n| self.state.size_hint_for(n).1);
        (low, upp)
    }
}

impl<I> FusedIterator for Permutations<I>
where
    I: Iterator,
    I::Item: Clone,
{
}

fn advance(indices: &mut [usize], cycles: &mut [usize]) -> bool {
    let n = indices.len();
    let k = cycles.len();
    // NOTE: if `cycles` are only zeros, then we reached the last permutation.
    for i in (0..k).rev() {
        if cycles[i] == 0 {
            cycles[i] = n - i - 1;
            indices[i..].rotate_left(1);
        } else {
            let swap_index = n - cycles[i];
            indices.swap(i, swap_index);
            cycles[i] -= 1;
            return false;
        }
    }
    true
}

impl PermutationState {
    fn size_hint_for(&self, n: usize) -> SizeHint {
        // At the beginning, there are `n!/(n-k)!` items to come.
        let at_start = |n, k| {
            debug_assert!(n >= k);
            let total = (n - k + 1..=n).try_fold(1usize, |acc, i| acc.checked_mul(i));
            (total.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), total)
        };
        match *self {
            Self::Start { k } if n < k => (0, Some(0)),
            Self::Start { k } => at_start(n, k),
            Self::Buffered { k, min_n } => {
                // Same as `Start` minus the previously generated items.
                size_hint::sub_scalar(at_start(n, k), min_n - k + 1)
            }
            Self::Loaded {
                ref indices,
                ref cycles,
            } => {
                let count = cycles.iter().enumerate().try_fold(0usize, |acc, (i, &c)| {
                    acc.checked_mul(indices.len() - i)
                        .and_then(|count| count.checked_add(c))
                });
                (count.unwrap_or(usize::MAX), count)
            }
            Self::End => (0, Some(0)),
        }
    }
}